What are Determined Contributions (NDCs)? Determined Contributions (NDCs) are ‘Nationally Determined Contributions’ and they represent the commitments of each country to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and adapt to climate change. They were agreed to by countries during the Climate Change Conference of the Parties (COP) in Paris in 2015, a commitment known as ‘The Paris...Read More

The Bali Action Plan introduced language on “measurable, reportable and verifiable” greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation actions and commitments, as well as support for GHG mitigation actions in developing countries. However, this language left open many questions, including what M, R and V are, what they should apply to, who should undertake them, and how. Climate Change...Read More